![]() ![]() No matter which type you choose, rechargeable batteries are often recommended for high-drain devices that require constant power and at large volumes. Depending upon which type you choose, some have low self-discharge rates, where the battery maintains its charge for an extended period of time, and others have higher rates, in which the battery does the exact opposite. You can find them in three different types: nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion (not to be confused with the lithium disposables above). They are usually more expensive than disposables, but you save money in the long run since you only buy them once. Slip them into any charger and after a short period of time, they're ready for use all over again. Rechargeable batteries are cells that you can recharge when they're out of juice. But they all have one thing in common at their very basic purpose- when they've been drained, you throw them away. They also perform well in extreme temperatures. Lithium batteries last longer, can be stored longer, weigh less than a regular battery, and provide nearly double or triple the power capacity of a standard alkaline battery. These "premium" alkaline batteries cost more but provide a charge that is similar to a lithium battery. There are high-drain versions of alkaline batteries available as well that are intended for devices that require more juice more frequently. Alkaline is the most widely used as they have a slow self-discharge rate, they can be stored for a long time without any loss of charge (roughly about seven years), and are often used in low-drain devices such as radios, remote controls, and other devices that don't require constant use at high voltage. These come in two common types: alkaline and lithium. However, rechargeables aren't necessarily appropriate for every device or application.ĭisposable batteries are good for almost all devices, as long as you have the correct size for the application you're looking to power up. Rechargeables allow you to keep the cells and re-charge them repeatedly, saving time and money when it comes to the power source in your electronics. You get a one-time use out of them and when they're drained of their power you throw them away. ![]() Simply put, disposable batteries are just that. It all boils down to two choices disposable or rechargeable. The way to decide which is the best option for you is to first consider what you need the batteries for, then examine what the battery is capable of doing. When it's time to buy new batteries, there are plenty of choices out there. ![]()
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![]() ![]() ![]() The wide 3″ tyres grip relentlessly, amplifying all the benefits of 29ers, while remarkably short chainstays deliver a fun, lively ride. Stache is an all-new species of 29+ mountain bike performance. To view more of the reviews available just use the search functionality or click on the “view Trek StaMountain Bike reviews” button at the top of this page where you’ll be directed to find more alternatives too. So if Trek StaMountain Bike isn’t quite right then you’ve got more choice. There are 745 Mountain Bikes available from Evans Cycles in the Cycling category. We only provide reviews and ratings on products offered by key brands and can’t stress enough how important it is to buy your Trek StaMountain Bike from a reputable retailer. Evans Cycles of course are hugely trusted in the cycling world, and that’s the reason we recommend them. However, perhaps the greatest peace of mind you can get in terms of quality, is when you buy from a trusted retailer as you’ll have the returns policy and guarantee protecting you. With 745 mountain-bikes to choose from, brands like Trek are constantly fighting for ways to innovate and grab the competitive advantage, which is great news for us, the customer. Trek StaMountain Bike gets off to a good start, because you can generally rely on Trek to deliver top quality products, particularly when the Trek StaMountain Bike is £1300. You want to be totally confident that the Trek StaMountain Bike you’re buying is going to be fit for purpose and last. There are several factors that affect the buying decision for bikers, alongside price, quality features as the highest most important element of the decision. Our latest search found the Trek StaMountain Bike available from Evans Cycles at just £1300. We only search amongst the key players because we’re very strict in ensuring we choose suppliers that we know and trust, and ultimately will look after us and you. We run an automated search function here at MyBikeReviews to try and grab the lowest prices across the web. With the availability of online shopping we’re only ever just a click away from choosing one retailer over another, so companies like Evans Cycles have to work extra hard online to ensure their pricing for Mountain Bikes products like Trek StaMountain Bike is as low as possible, if they’re to stand a chance in getting the sale. Price is often considered to be the most important factor in deciding which product to buy, and where to buy it. At £1300 the Trek StaMountain Bike is also the ranked number 18 of 64 products by Trek in the same category. Whilst this isn’t the best indicator to decide if it’s the best in class, you can use it as a guide to see how it compares to other mountain-bikes. Trek StaMountain Bike Ranks number 699 of 745 in the Mountain Bikes category at Evans Cycles in this review. View Trek StaMountain Bike Reviews Trek StaMountain Bike Price Welcome and thanks for stopping by our review of the new Trek StaMountain Bike, to read all of our verified customer reviews simply click the button below to get started. ![]() ![]() ![]() The second, third, and fourth metatarsals are most prone to stress fractures. They worsen over time and are sometimes not evident on x-rays until the bone has started to heal. Stress fractures are caused by repetitive actions or impacts to the bones. Acute fractures, also called traumatic fractures, happen instantaneously and are caused by an impact, such as when a heavy object falls on the bones. There are two types of metatarsal fractures: acute and stress fractures. ![]() Injuries to the metatarsal bones are very common and can happen in a number of ways, but most commonly occur when a heavy object falls on them or when they are twisted during a fall. Treatment of a metatarsal fracture depends heavily on which bone is fractured. Metatarsal fractures do not discriminate based on age, race, or gender-they can happen to anyone at any time.Įach metatarsal is broken down into segments: the head, neck, shaft, and base. Our metatarsal bones bear much of our weight when we are standing, walking, or running. Instead they are numbered, starting with the big toe, which is known as the first, then continuing with the second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsals (the fifth is the pinky toe). doi:10.Our metatarsal bones are the long bones located in our feet between the tarsal (ankle) bones and the phalanges of the toes.Įach foot has five metatarsal bones, which are collectively referred to as the metatarsus, and none of them have individual names. Effect of osteoporosis medications on fracture healing. Enhancement of bone-healing by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: A systematic review. Rutten S, van den Bekerom MP, Sierevelt IN, Nolte PA. Efficacy of electrical stimulators for bone healing: A meta-analysis of randomized sham-controlled trials. Infections after fracture.Īleem IS, Aleem I, Evaniew N, et al. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00727Īmerican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: OrthoInfo. Effect of NSAIDs on bone healing rates: A meta-analysis. Wheatley BM, Nappo KE, Christensen DL, Holman AM, Brooks DI, Potter BK. Nutritional aspects of bone health and fracture healing. Karpouzos A, Diamantis E, Farmaki P, Savvanis S, Troupis T. Muscle atrophy and recovery of individual thigh muscles as measured by magnetic resonance imaging scan during treatment with cast for ankle or foot fracture. New insights in understanding and treating bone fracture pain. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information:. Augmenting fracture healing: Ask your healthcare provider about devices that may speed healing, including bone-growth stimulators, electrical stimulation, and ultrasound treatment.Īmerican College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons: Foot Health Facts.Watch for infection: If you notice an increase in pain, swelling, redness, and heat around the fracture, and especially if you have a fever, chills, and pus drainage, talk to your healthcare provider right away so you can be treated for infection.Don't rush to use it: Moving and using the injured body part too soon can cause damage and make it harder for the bone to heal.Beware of certain drugs: While they're often used to manage pain, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as Advil/Motrin (ibuprofen) or Aleve (naproxen) and glucocorticoids like prednisone can slow healing, as can immunosuppressants.Talk to your healthcare provider about how to better manage your illness. Manage chronic conditions: If you have diabetes, a disease of the blood vessels, or a hormone-related condition, it can make you heal more slowly.(You only need to get the recommended dosages. Be sure to get adequate nutrition from all food groups, and especially ensure you get calcium and vitamins A, B12, C, D, and K. Eat a balanced diet: Healing bone requires more nutrients than simply maintaining them.Stop smoking: Smoking alters the blood flow to the bone, which can delay or prevent healing. ![]() ![]() ![]() Probably, and at risk of being contradictory, if you have not played Aragami before this one, you might enjoy much more than I did. While the story is catchy, the problem from my point of view is that being divided in so many quests makes does not help in getting you involved in the story, as it feels like a side effect from your missions.Īragami 2 is not as good as Aragami, but it is not a bad game. Again, I understand the choice in order to reah more people. Mixed or average reviews based on 42 Ratings. While Aragami uses the graphic design as a conduit for the story, Aragami 2 would have benefit from that design style. For everything Aragami 2 gets right about being a sneaky ninja. The visual design changes also drastically. Aragami 2 Video Review Aragami 2 reviewed by Kyle Campbell on PC. However, with this game you can play with your friends thorugh the whole story (being it optional, and with no achievement related to play it with friends), something also added later on in Aragami, and I thank that the game offers this option. Ninjas and the stealth genre are like PB&J sandwiches: even with stale bread, it's usually a mix powerful enough that it can overwhelm any unpleasant flavors. I understand the choice in order to reach more gamers, but I am sad. Its strict adherence to stealth with no ifs, ands, or buts will turn some. Sadly, while in Aragami stealth was never an option, you can play Aragami 2 without being so cautious. Although the occasional technical issue and odd mechanic put a damper on things, Aragami has its heart in the right place. Maciejewski offers an honest review of Aragami 2 a great game for PS5, PS4, Xbox Series X, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch with Xbox Play Anywhere support. Hello my stealthy friend! Have you played Aragami? If not, what are you doing? Play the first Aragami!Īragami 2 changes many things from its first game, such as the stealth component. After 5 years, Aragami is back and this time, its more action-packed than ever so sharpen your blade and lets get sneaking around. ![]() ![]() ![]() If you have devices at home not connected to school, I recommend plugging in your favorite manga (or manhwa/manhua) into (not currently blocked) and there's no need to find a great scan site to depend on because it's all set there. com stuff because this site thinks I'm trying to spam. So as of this week, June 1st of 2021 (they are constantly blocking more and more things, so these sites might not work in a month, in a year, they'll never stay forever. For those who use school Chromebooks and want to read manga there (for some reason), Here is a comment for you guys. If you have purchased Manga from Amazon, Epubor Ultimate can be the perfect tool to remove Kindle ebook/manga DRM and convert kindle manga to epub or pdf easily.Īlright schoolkids. If you like this list, please click the like buttons below and share it with more people! If you know any wonderful free manga sites, please share with us in the comments. Renta sell the comics and mangas but it also provides the free chapters for its users. It updates and posts many new series daily. It also contains a huge series in many genres. MangaBox is a local Japan manga website so you can find many free manga in Janpanese. Mangareader is also the most popular manga site to read manga online. What's more, you can enjoy the 30 days free trial before making the purchase. Here you can purchase the manga books as well as order their unlimited subscription service. The goal of this website is spreading undiscovered manga around the world.Īs the subsidiary of Amazon, Comixology is trying to build the largest digital comics platform. This is a subscription service, like almost 7$ per month, but you can enjoy the 15 days free trial. You will find many popular titles here, but not all. All comics are free here.Īs the biggest Manga publisher in Japan, Kadokawa launched its own office service to read manga online for free. Share mange to promote the creator's work Read Fastest Updated Free Yaoi Manga Online. Mangadex is another portal that allows you to access various manga series for free without asking for anything. Provide Bara, shota, furry, yaoi doujinshi, yaoi manga online. Read free manga online and on mobile anywhere,anytime Please ensure you know Japanese otherwise you may have difficulty in reading their mangas. This site not works mini browsers, like opera mini, and also have a active forum.Ĭomico is very popular in Japan. It provides not only eBooks but also paper books. The BookWalker is selling the Manga books but they also have many free manga books for your choice.Ī famous and native manga site in Japan, 92% of visitors are from Japan. This is the most manga fan's first choice in Japan. Users can access MangaToon through their website or mobile app. It offers a wide variety of genres, including romance, action, fantasy, horror, mystery, BL (Boys' Love), doomsday, and cultivation manga and stories. Maybe you can even take over the manga ranking with your favorite FREE MANGA. Download Epubor Ultimate for free: Free Manga Sites for You to Read Manga Online Free NO. MangaToon is an online platform where you can read manga, comics, manhwa, manhua, and Anime for free. Find which free manga were read the most today Cheer for your favorite manga by reading and sharing with your friends. ![]() ![]() And we're going to be covering it on Sunday and all next week. So, it's going to be a really - look, it's going to be an interesting week. I wonder if some people back at home might say, “Gee, is he representing our interests or their interests?” Some people have suggested that his foreign policy is a little too European anyway. ![]() He also runs a little bit of a risk if suddenly he's too much of a rock star in the Muslim world or in Europe. You know, it - it'll be interesting to see. I mean, like John McCain when he momentarily mistook Shias and Sunnis in Jordan. And these things always end up being less about the questions that are asked than they do what the guys say. WALLACE: Yeah, well, I think that they will. However, one of the points for that to happen, potentially, would be that these three mainstream anchors actually ask tough questions. I wonder if some people back at home might say, 'Gee, is he representing our interests or their interests?' Some people have suggested that his foreign policy is a little too European anyway.”įrom the July 18 edition of Fox News' Fox & Friends:ĬARLSON: That was going to be my next question, because you could look at it as a high-risk trip for Barack Obama. Wallace also said of Obama's trip: “He also runs a little bit of a risk if suddenly he's too much of a rock star in the Muslim world or in Europe. ![]() Joe Lieberman (I-CT), who accompanied McCain on the trip, whispered something in his ear during the press conference, McCain said: “I'm sorry, the Iranians are training extremists, not al-Qaeda.” Barack Obama “makes a mistake” on his upcoming trip to Europe and the Middle East, "t'll be a much bigger deal than, say, when McCain was in Jordan, or somewhere in the Middle East, and basically mixed up Shia and Sunnis for a moment." Contrary to Wallace's and Dorning's assertions, McCain did not “mix up” Shias and Sunnis just for a moment he made the false statement twice during a March 18 press conference in Amman, Jordan and once the day before on Hugh Hewitt's nationally syndicated radio program. John McCain “momentarily mistook Shias and Sunnis in Jordan” when he made the admittedly false claim that Iranian operatives are “taking Al Qaeda into Iran, training them and sending them back.” Similarly, on the July 18 edition of MSNBC Live, Chicago Tribune Washington correspondent Michael Dorning asserted that if Sen. Jordan and Zadikoff will receive a percentage of the restaurant's annual revenue, called a licensing fee.Īnd if Jordan's New York and Connecticut menus are copied, macaroni and cheese will be served.On the July 18 edition of Fox News' Fox & Friends, Fox News Sunday host Chris Wallace falsely claimed that Sen. So we went with a simple solution for a major location." "But given the hotel, the makeup of the kitchens and other issues, it was simpler just to do it this way. ![]() "I think the Michael Jordan brand has to be in a very sort of landmark location," Zadikoff said, adding that he and Jordan initially were looking to lease a third location and own and operate the restaurant themselves. But Jordan halted those plans and kept one sixtyblue open, saying at the time he wanted a more visible downtown location near hotels for the steakhouse. ![]() In 2004, the Tribune reported that Zadikoff planned to close one sixtyblue on West Randolph Street, in which Jordan is a partner, and replace it with one of the steakhouses. Zadikoff, Cornerstone's chief executive, has a relationship with Jordan dating to Michael Jordan's Restaurant on North LaSalle Street, which closed in 1999 amid a legal dispute that Jordan won, allowing him to launch the steakhouse chain in Chicago. ![]() ![]() ![]() This means that in our case, with the current sync mechanism, clients will spend a whole lot of time waiting for a CMD frame, then having to catch up a whole lot while the host is waiting for reply frames. Pictochat is a bit different - it does send CMD frames every ~4ms, but it also does that thing where it polls 3 or 4 clients per frame in a rolling order, so it amounts to a pretty similar thing anyway. In most games, the host only sends a CMD frame once per video frame (that is, once every ~16.67ms). However, I observed that local multiplayer exchanges aren't as tight as I thought before. And the host discards stale reply frames to prevent itself from running too far ahead. Clients may not run ahead of the host - when they receive a frame from the host, they know how much they need to catch up, when to start actually receiving that frame, and in the case of a CMD frame, how long they can run ahead before waiting for another frame. It is actually fairly simple: each frame that is sent has a timestamp attached to it, that is used to keep things in sync. Since version 0.9.5, melonDS uses a synchronization mechanism to ensure this works smoothly. However, the CMD frame and subsequent reply frames use the 802.11 duration field to reserve the needed timeslot for the entire CMD exchange, so that everything can be pretty tight. In a real world setting, you'll want to ensure your wifi channel isn't being used before sending stuff, so that's what the delay is. ![]() The CMD frame isn't sent immediately, there is always a variable delay before. I've been experimenting, but for now, nothing really conclusive came out of it.īasically, if you remember your local multiplayer 101, this is how it goes: In the previous post, I mentioned I had an idea to optimize LLE wifi. I'll have to give this a try.ĥ comments (last by Thornskade) | Post a comment It may even possible to build something robust around enet. We're also thinking of bringing back LAN, but as a proper LAN mode instead of just tossing packets around the network. I have a bit of an idea what's going on, but I'll need to work on it more. I'm also trying to fix some other problems, namely how in some games you can't connect more than two players. We still have to see how this goes - we might have to make it optional if it causes problems somewhere. I had to do a few tweaks to get it reliable in certain situations, but so far it gives quite a substantial speed boost and doesn't seem to impact reliability. The only exception to this is when the host sends a beacon frame, but since these are sent at a fixed interval, it's not hard to take them into account. ![]() When the host sends a CMD frame, generally there won't be anything else being sent (other than replies and ack) until the end of the CMD_COUNT window, unless some clients failed to reply. The basic idea is that games send multiplayer data at a generally steady rate and the timings are predictable. I've been thinking about the problem and making another experiment, which seems more successful. If you're running into trouble: Howto/FAQ ![]() ![]() Whether it's an in or outdoor project you'll find a platform or access tower to suit your needs. We have the best equipment for your job! Call us on 01223 466200 today! Call US. Need professional equipment, tools or supplies for your next job or build? Kennards Hire has you covered! With more than 70 years of experience we offer fast and reliable rentals, New Zealand wide. For light garden waste, an electric shredder will do the job, but for thick woody material, you'll need a heavy-duty petrol engine model. Removing 500m of turf per hour, it is the easiest and most efficient way you can remove large areas of turf in preparation for your landscape gardening projects or pipe and cable laying. Micro Digger Hire - The smallest digger in our range - the 0. It is by far the best SDS-Max rotary hammer I’ve used in my career – the combination of ergonomics and performance is simply a class ahead of the rest.Rotavator hire cost. With solid build quality and features like a cord that switches in seconds and you’ve got a heavy-duty hammer that’s unlikely to spend much time in the repair shop. The power is only part of the equation in a violent tool like this, but Hilti’s Active Vibration Reduction does a phenomenal job of making the job easier on your body. It’s got a decent amount of power for its class, especially given its relatively light weight of 13.4 pounds. The Hilti TE 50-AVR Rotary Hammer is a fantastic SDS-Max machine that will break up and drill into just about anything that stands in its way. In short, because of the performance, weight, and features, this is my favorite SDS-Max rotary hammer so far. Simple.Ĭouple that with the optional dust removal system that brings the system into compliance with OSHA’s new respirable crystalline silica dust regulations, and you’ve got a homerun of a tool. If and when it needs replacement, just pick up another cord. But not with this Hilti – you can avoid all that wear and tear by removing the cord and storing it safely. Typically you’ll need to send it out for repair since the connections are inside.Īnd you don’t use tools in a vacuum – when you have a lot of corded tools in the truck, you can quickly get a bird’s nest of a mess with the cords getting tangled. But even when you keep it, sometimes you have to wrap the cord so tightly in the case that it eventually weakens the connection at the tool body. Most guys ditch the tool cases shortly after buying the tool. If a rotary hammer lasts a while, it’ll be the cord that needs replacement. The detachable cord is an excellent idea. It does fling out a little grease, but that’s to be expected. The Hilti TE 50-AVR SDS-Max Rotary Hammer does get slightly warm but stays cool enough to use. There’s nothing wrong with that – hey, it’s doing some heavy duty work, so you have to expect it. If rotary hammers are notorious for anything, it’s for getting warm/hot during use and for spitting grease on you. It’s doing too much work and getting too warm to be neglected! Other Observations But this rotary hammer’s vibration reduction is much better than most – hardly even perceptible when comparing it to other hammers in this class. You’d think that longer strokes would also make the vibration more noticeable. The Hilti TE 50-AVR SDS-Max Rotary Hammer has a longer stroke which contributes to its excellent performance. Shorter strokes don’t work as well as longer strokes. I’ve noticed the stroke lengths differ among rotary hammers. You’ll see Sutton working at shoulder level and above as he breaks up the dock wall’s concrete. You can certainly muscle a big SDS-Max rotary hammer around for a few minutes, holding it against your thigh or hip with your arms fully extended, but you probably won’t maneuver for very long like we did with the Hilti. But this tool is lightas well as powerful. ![]() It’s not simply what it’s like to use the tool, but what’s it like to use it for 20 minutes? 30 minutes? Half the day? That’s really the first thing a tradesman with even a little experience thinks about when he looks at a tool. I admit that when I first saw it, I thought it would be too heavy. It’s the perfect job because the warehouse wall isn’t just made of cinderblock – the block was poured solid with 4,000 PSI concrete, effectively making it a beam that was virtually unbreakable – unless, of course, you had a semi-truck or possibly a Hilti rotary hammer! The video speaks for itself, but I must say I loved the Hilti almost from the first impact. As soon as I had the Hilti TE 50-AVR in hand, I found the perfect job for it – a warehouse dock that had been damaged by a truck. ![]() ![]() ![]() Next download the Chrome Remote Desktop extension from its page at the Chrome Web store and install it. ![]() With the web page open, press Cmd + Opt + I (on Mac) or Ctrl + Shift + I (on Windows). First install Google Chrome on both your PC and Mac if it's not already installed. Now you can use Alt + Caps Lock to switch between screens without Caps Lock changing its states.Īlso if you only need 2 screens you can set dexpot to use only 2 desktops which will make alt + caps lock quick toggle for remote desktop. Plus, how to capture screenshots with specific dimensions. Ctrl + Caps Lock becomes Ctrl + Scroll Lockĭone. Alt + Shift + Caps Lock becomes Alt + Shift + Scroll Lock Alt + Caps Lock becomes Alt + Scroll Lock Now use Autohotkey to make redirections (this way Caps Lock will be prevented from changing it's state): GetKeyState, state, Capslock Set screens overview to Ctrl + Scroll Lock.Set previous desktop to Alt + Scroll Lock.Set next desktop to Alt + Scroll Lock (If like I you don't have scroll lock use windows on-screen keyboard to press "ScrLk").I like to be able to quickly switch with left hand only You can use Dexpot and Autohotkey to set up a shortcut like Alt + Caps Lock, without Caps Lock annoying state changes ( Good if you don't have Scroll Lock)Īt first annoying to set up, but in the long term the most comfortable. Step 1: Prepare the computer for connections If you want to be able to access your own computer from another desktop or mobile device, start by opening up Chrome on the host computer (or. It took a short amount of time to get used to, but this setup has worked well for me without the need for additional software or more than one shortcut. An example would be Windows Key+ E to open Windows Explorer, which will get you to the local file system, not the remote one. One caveat Luc mentioned should be pointed out: using this setup, all keyboard shortcuts using the Windows Key are sent to the local system. In addition, you can use Alt+ Page Down (or Alt+ Shift+ Page Up) to cycle through the active programs on the remote system in reverse. When I want to switch between programs on the remote system, I use Alt+ Page Up, which works just like Alt+ Tab would, but only on the remote system.This allows using Alt+ Tab to get you back to any other program on the local system. If your local computer is not a Mac, youll perhaps want to do some key remapping, since the 'Command' key on a Mac is the same as the 'Windows' key on Windows 10, and usually the Windows key will be captured by Win10. Before connecting to the remote machine with Remote Desktop Connection, on the "Local Resources" tab, I set "Keyboard" to "On this computer". What is your local computer (the one running the Chrome Remote Desktop client).Instead of minimizing the remote system, I just switch to another local program and leave the remote system in the background with the following: It is possible to use the normal, comfortable, Alt+ Tab keyboard shortcut to get out of a full screen Remote Desktop, but requires a slightly different setup before connecting. ![]() ![]() The results of experimental and analytical investigations of the performance of spherical nut-clamp seat geometries for the NPR connector coupling clamps are summarized. ![]() Environmental benefits and quality improvements will also result from full implementation of this technology. Economic benefit is estimated to be nearly $800 million per year. The fully implemented potential benefit of thread forming fasteners in as-cast holes of aluminum and magnesium is estimated to be 6 trillion Btu per year for North America. There does not appear to be any significant increase in clamp load variation due to the application of thread forming fasteners in as-cast holes of aluminum or magnesium over the effective life of a die casting mold. It was concluded that this work showed that clamp load variation with thread forming fasteners is consistent with industry expectations for standard steel bolts and nuts at +/- 30%. The robustness range (.05mm larger and smaller holes than the expected wear pattern of a die casting die at full life cycle) results also fell within the industry expectations for standard threaded fasteners. ![]() The results for the thread forming fasteners in magnesium cast holes were all well within industry expectations of +/- 30% for all three conditions. However, when compared to the actual Battelle results (+/- 40%) for a standard bolt and nut the tread forming fasteners performed slightly better. The results for the dry and lubed extreme conditions were only slightly higher than industry expectations at +/- 35.6%. The results for the thread forming fasteners in aluminum cast holes were well within industry expectations of +/- 30% for out of the box and robustness range testing. Results from previous work performed on the same test cell for a Battelle project using standard M8 bolts into standard M8 nuts were included as a comparator for a standard bolt and nut application. Again all clamp loads were recorded and analyzed similarly to the Taptites in aluminum cast nuts. In a like fashion, a second set of experiments were run with cast magnesium nuts and ALtracs thread forming fasteners, (a widely used thread forming fastener suitable for magnesium applications). The clamp load corresponding to the target input of 18.5 Nm was recorded for each fastener. The clamp load data was used to determine the range of clamp loads to be expected. Taptite thread forming fasteners, (a widely used thread forming fastener suitable for aluminum applications), were driven into the various cored, as-cast nuts at a constant input torque and resulting clamp loads were recorded continuously. First, a series of cast aluminum nuts were made reflecting the range of shape and size variations to be expected over the life cycle of a die casting die. The cast bosses were cut into nuts that could be used in the Ford Fastener Laboratory test-cell to measure clamp load when a thread forming fastener was driven into a cast nut. ![]() This established range of variation was captured in a set of 12 cast bosses by designing core pins at the size and draft angles identified in the sited previous work. The range of variation that can be expected in as-cast hole size and shape over the full life cycle of a more » high pressure die casting die was established in previous work completed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, (PNNL). There is little data available to understand the magnitude of this concern or to form the basis of potential solutions if the range of clamp load variation is very high (> +/- 30%). The torque used for thread forming may not be consistent due to variations in casting material, hole size and shape due to tooling wear and process variation (thermal and mechanical). The clamp load consistency concern is founded in the fact that a portion of the input torque used to create clamp load is also used to create threads. * No known data to understand the effect on consistency of clamp load as casting dies wear. input torque in either aluminum or magnesium castings. The primary issues at the source of engineers reluctance to implementing thread forming fasteners in lightweight castings are: * Little proof of consistency of clamp load vs. The ultimate objective of this work was to eliminate approximately 30% of the machining performed in typical automotive engine and transmission plants by using thread forming fasteners in as-cast holes of aluminum and magnesium cast components. ![]() |
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